This article discusses what causes diabetes in children and how to prevent diabetes type 2 in childhood.
Type 2 Diabetes in Children
Type 2 diabetes was considered adult-onset diabetes, but this is no longer accurate. An increasing number of children are considered above weight, and being overweight is a known risk factor for insulin resistance (when the body does not respond to insulin as it should), which is a sign of type 2 diabetes.
Factors that can raise the prevalence for type 2 diabetes include:
Above weight or obesity Sedentary lifestyle (not having much physical activity) Hormonal changes in puberty Family history of type 2 diabetes Your birth parent having gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy) Having another medical condition that creates insulin resistance
Check With Your Healthcare Provider
If your child is above weight and has any two of the above risk factors, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended you consider speaking with their healthcare provider about blood sugar testing.
Additional signs to watch for include skin patches in skinfolds or armpits. Skin patches are thickened, dark, velvety areas called acanthosis nigricans. You might want to check with your healthcare provider if you see signs of these skin patches on your child.
Make a Family Food Plan
Making a family food plan may help your child maintain a healthy diet and prevent type 2 diabetes.
What to Eat
To help prevent type 2 diabetes, incorporate the following foods into your child’s diet:
FruitsNon-starchy vegetables like peppers, broccoli, asparagus, and spinachWhole grains like brown rice, steel-cut oatmeal, and quinoaLean cuts of meatLow-fat or fat-free dairy productsLow-sodium foods
What to Avoid
Foods that create sudden changes to blood sugar levels should be avoided or limited. These food items include:
Highly processed foods, including baked goods, fried foods, and processed snack barsSugary foods and beverages, including fruit juiceHigh-fat foods such as full-fat dairy and fatty meats Simple carbohydrates like white bread or flourTakeout or convenience meal items
Portion Size
Portion sizes are also important because eating too many carbohydrates in any one sitting can cause blood sugar peaks.
The goal in managing type 2 diabetes is to maintain healthy blood sugar levels (i.e., keeping them in a healthy range) as much as possible. Portion sizes should include a balance of carbohydrates (including fiber), lean protein, and healthy fats.
You may consider consulting with a dietitian who is experienced in type 2 diabetes to develop a diabetes-friendly meal plan that works for the whole household.
Meals Together
Eating meals together can help your child slow down, focus on the food, and feel supported in their efforts to eat a diabetes-friendly diet. Avoid eating in front of the television and instead sit down at a table together.
Get Active
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that every child participate in at least 60 minutes of physical activity a day. This can be accomplished in several smaller sessions or all at once by participating in activities such as:
Walking, jogging, runningSkipping ropeHula hoopingYoga or stretchingKarateBallet or dance
Family Activities
Physical activity can also be incorporated into family activities such as:
Playing games like volleyball, soccer, basketballSwimmingGoing for neighborhood walksPlaying miniature golfKayaking or paddleboardingPlaying interactive video games that get you moving
Check Other Health Stats
When speaking with your child’s healthcare provider, you may want to ask about checking other signs of diabetes like high cholesterol, high triglycerides, or high blood pressure (hypertension), as these are all common in people with diabetes.
Cholesterol
Children can and do have high levels of cholesterol, and this can be a sign of prediabetes or diabetes. One 2020 study found 47.7% of children with type 2 diabetes also have high cholesterol levels.
This puts them at increased risk for heart disease and heart failure later in life. In the same study, another 16.4% of children with type 2 diabetes met the criteria to start taking heart medication.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are a type of fat found in a person’s blood. Uncontrolled, undiagnosed, and/or unmanaged diabetes is a risk factor for high triglycerides. High triglycerides may lead to metabolic syndrome, which is a group of risk factors that can lead to conditions such as stroke, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes.
Blood Pressure
One in 25 children 12–19 years old have high blood pressure, and 1 in 10 have prehypertension, a warning sign of high blood pressure in the future. High blood pressure and diabetes increase heart disease risk.
Reduce Stress
Stress has an impact on your child’s overall health. It is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in children. While it doesn’t cause diabetes, stress is said to affect blood sugar levels and make managing childhood diabetes more challenging.
Coping Skills
Stress coping skills in children include:
Getting enough physical activity Having adequate time for fun activities Talking with a trusted peer or adult Writing (journalling or word expression) activities Spending time in nature Practicing mindfulness
Healthy Sleep Habits
Establishing healthy sleep habits at a younger age can set your child up for success in reducing stress and preventing diabetes. It’s recommended children between six and 12 years old get 9 to 12 hours of sleep a night and teens get 8 to 10 hours a night to keep stress under control.
Summary
Type 2 diabetes in children is preventable. Maintaining a healthy diet, getting enough physical and social activity and sleep, and managing stress levels are all strategies for preventing type 2 diabetes in children and teens. If your child has several risk factors for diabetes, you may consider speaking with a healthcare provider about screening for diabetes.
A Word From Verywell
Many factors contribute to a child’s risk of type 2 diabetes. So if you feel as though you have been “doing everything right” but your child has developed type 2 diabetes anyway, please don’t feel you are to blame. Detecting the signs early on and seeking support from a healthcare provider can improve your child’s health and prevent lifelong problems.
